Biopsychosocial Factors Associated with Dysmenorrhea among Young Women: A Systematic Review

Rita Setiyaningsih; Yuli Irnawati

doi:10.30787/gaster.v24i2.2493

Authors

Rita Setiyaningsih Department of Physiotherapy, STIKes Bakti Utama Pati
Yuli Irnawati Department of Physiotherapy, STIKes Bakti Utama, Pati

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30787/gaster.v24i2.2493

Keywords:

dysmenorrhea, young women, pain severity, biopsychosocial, risk factors

Abstract

Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common menstrual disorders among young women, characterized by high prevalence and a significant impact on quality of life and academic performance. This condition is associated not only with biological factors but also with psychological and behavioral aspects across multiple biopsychosocial domains.

Objective: To identify and synthesize risk factors associated with the severity of dysmenorrhea pain in young women across biological psychological, and social/behavioral domains.

Method: This systematic review included observational studies published between 2015 and 2025 and indexed in Scopus Q1-Q4. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020. Article eligibility was determined using the PECO framework, and methodological quality was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies.

Result: Eight high-quality studies (JBI score 7–8) met the inclusion criteria. Biological factors, including early menarche, family history, menstrual characteristics, and body mass index, were associated with dysmenorrhea severity. Psychological factors, particularly stress, and behavioral factors, such as low physical activity, caffeine consumption, and smoking, were also associated with variations in pain severity. However, the associations between physical activity and dysmenorrhea showed inconsistent findings across studies. Differences in pain assessment instruments, scales, and severity definitions also contributed to heterogeneity.

Conclusion: These findings support a biopsychosocial perspective for understanding the multidimensional nature of dysmenorrhea pain; however, the cross-sectional evidence does not establish causality or interaction effects among these factors. Holistic approaches addressing potentially modifiable factors may inform future clinical and physical therapy interventions.

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